Date:    Tue, 5 Oct 93 04:35:59 GMT
From: palmer@atsvax.rsmas.miami.edu
Message-Id: <931005043559.2140a7b8@atsvax.rsmas.miami.edu>
Subject: SCIENCE SITREP 
To: palmer_science@atsvax.rsmas.miami.edu
Status: O

SEND PLM183.OCT
MSG%"PALMER_SCIENCE"
SCIENCE SITREP 
R 050417Z OCT 93
FROM: Barbara Prezelin,Science Leader


       P A L M E R   S T A T I O N   A N T A R C T I C A
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PALMER Station Sit Reports for September 1993

S-106 Stanford VLF. U. Inan, Stanford University.  No personnel were
on station.  The system has been operated by the station science
technician. Data were collected daily and prepared for retrograde. 
There have been occasional instances of sporadic loss of digital data; 
noise on the A/D triggering line to the data collection computer is
suspected.  Investigation of the problem is ongoing.

S-275 UM/DOE Atmospheric Monitoring Program at Palmer Station.
T.Snowdon, University of Miami; C. Sanderson/N. Chui, EML/DOE N.Y. 
No personnel were on station.  The system has been operated by the
station science technician.   One sample filter was exposed for the
duration of each week, and a weekly schedule of calibration,
background, and sample counts was maintained.


T-312 Terascan satellite imaging system. R. Whritner, Scripps
Institute. PI was on station through September 25.  Automatic
preliminary image processing for all captured satellite passes was
implemented.  DMSP and NOAA telemetry was collected, processed,
and archived.  Ice images and ozone maps were produced in support
of Science and Marine Operations.


T-313 UV Monitoring Experiment. C. Booth, Biospherical Instruments. 
No personnel were on station.  The system has been operated by the
station science technician.  Irradiance data were collected daily and 
transmitted to ATSVAX for BSI.  Absolute calibrations were
performed on September 10 with the seasoned lamp and on
September 25 with the site standard.  High voltages were dropped on
data and response scans due to brightening conditions.  Preliminary
irradiance data and inferred ozone abundances were produced in
support of Science.


S-091 Seismic Observatory. United States Geological Survey.  No 
personnel were on station. The system has been monitored by the 
station science technician.  Data was successfully collected and 
prepared for retrograde. 


S-014 Energetics of the Adults and the Larvae of the Antarctic 
Krill Euphausia superba.  Principal Investigators:  Langdon B. 
Quetin and Robin M. Ross, University of California at Santa 
Barbara. Field Team:  L. Quetin, T. Frazer, C. Wyatt and J. 
MahoneyL. Quetin arrived on station 26 August.  T. Frazer and L. 
Quetin  departed 29 August on the LTER cruise under S-028 and 
returned 24 September.  T. Frazer and J. Mahoney departed Palmer 
Station for CONUS 25 September.  Carol Wyatt remains at Palmer 
Station as part of S-028. During September we finished 
experiments with late furcilia of Euphausia superba.  These 
included experiments at -1.5 C and +1.5 C to determine growth 
rates and isotopic turnover, six starvation and respiration 
experiments, and two experiments to determine the duration of 
starvation.  Phytoplankton cultures were maintained and subadult 
krill analyzed for lipid and protein. 

S-028 Prey Component (krill, fish, zooplankton):  Palmer Long-
Term Ecological Research.Field Team:  L. Quetin, T. Frazer, M. 
Hearne, C. Shaw, S. Anderson, M. Anghera, N. Horne, C. Wyatt M. 
Hearne, C. Shaw, S. Anderson, M. Anghera and N. Horne arrived and 
departed with the Polar Duke after the LTER cruise.  L. Quetin 
remained at Palmer Station to begin the seasonal sampling program 
at Palmer Station.  T. Frazer departed with the Polar Duke.  C. 
Wyatt is now working under S-028. 

The August/September LTER cruise departed Palmer Station 29 
August and returned 24 September.  The cruise covered transect 
lines 600, 500, 400, 300, and part of 200.  Sea ice was 
especially heavy at the southern end of the 200 line, but was 
encountered at all stations.  Though no nets were towed on the 
200 line, we were able to tow at most stations on the 300 line 
and at all stations on 400, 500, 600.  Dive stations occurred at 
most stations on all transect lines and we were able to estimate 
abundances of and collect krill larvae, sample the under ice 
surface community for estimates of Chl a, pigments, carbon, and 
bacterial biomass, and complete transects with a PUV instrument. 

During the cruise very few adult krill were encountered. Adults 
were seen deep in the water column and periodically feeding on 
the underside of the sea ice by divers.  Krill larvae were found 
widely distributed and feeding on the underside of the sea ice.  
Both adults and larvae were preserved and frozen for later 
analysis and their growth rates determined on board. 

Since 24 September Arthur Harbor has been covered with sea ice 
and zodiac operations are not possible.  We plan to collect krill 
by diving early the first week in October to begin the S-028 
seasonal sampling program. 

S-032,  Long-Term Ecological Research on the Marine Ecosystem: An 
Ice-Dominated System. Principal Investigator: R.C. Smith, remote 
sensing and bio-optics component. S-034, Ozone diminution, 
Ultraviolet Radiation and Phytoplankton Biology in Antarctic 
Waters. Co-Principal Investigators R.C. Smith (S-034)and B. 
Prezelin (S-010). Field Team:  P. Handley, E. Fields, J. Marquez 
LTER Aug. 93 Cruise departed 29 August and returned 26 September. 

ROZE - The zodiac operation for CTD, fluorescence, transmittance 
and the OFFI, for determining downwelling spectral irradiance and 
upwelling spectral radiance , were set up in a Mark V zodiac and 
checked out. Lowering arm for ROZE depth transducer was 
fabricated on station. Ice conditions prevented starting a 
routine LTER sampling effort within the Palmer grid although 
weather/ice conditions allowed limited sampling on 13 (Stations A 
& B), 14 (Stat. E), 15 (Stats. B & C), and 17 (Stats. B,C,D & E) 
September. Water samples for chlorophyll analysis were also 
obtained at all stations.   When possible shore water samples 
were taken at from Gammage Point and/or Bonnaparte Point during 
the period when zodiac operations were not possible.  During the 
last week of September as South -West wind returned ice to Arthur 
Harbor, and zodiac operations were terminated. 

LUVSS - Light and Ultra Violet Submersible Spectroradiometer for 
determination of fine resolution  downwelling spectral irradiance 
and upwelling spectral radiance.  Testing and comparison of the 
surface unit with Biospeherical Instruments radiometer continued 
at T-5.  Software  update and revision was major a focus.  
Modified tie down points were welded to the underwater LUVSS 
deployment cage  A sling was lashed to the cage, completing the 
setup of the deployment cage for use on the upcoming ( S-034) 
cruise. 

Fluorescence -  Water samples collected during zodiac operations 
or land based sampling points were filtered.  Fluorescence 
measurements were made with Turner Designs digital fluorometer.  
Comparison of fluorescence data with S-010 HPLC data continues. 

Computer Networking - Sun IPC's, Apple Macintosh's and DOS based 
ethernet was removed from the Polar Duke and reinstalled at 
palmer station. Networked computers used to transfer and process 
data acquired from ROZE, LUVSS, PUV  and shipboard data. 

PUV - Continuining experiments for measurment of radiance 
reflectance and penetration of UV through sea-ice were conducted 
on station  as a continuation of measurements collected on the 
LTER cruise. 

SIT REPORT FOR SeptemberS010- NSF DPP-92-20962 grant, "Ozone 
Dimunition, Ultraviolet Radiation and Phytoplankton Biology in 
Antarctic Waters." Co PIs. Barbara Prezelin (S010)  Field Team: 
Barbara Prezelin, Mark Moline, Nicolas Boucher, Raffael Jovine, 
Tony Diem, Bernd Kroon, TJ Evens, Oscar Schofield 

Our objective for our 3 month stay in Antarctica (August 8th-
November 8th) is to quantify the UV dependency of production, 
photodamage & photoprotective responses in diverse Antarctic 
phytoplankton communities. Specifically, we aim to a) repeat 
previous in situ mooring studies in the MIZ  b) determine UV 
inhibition effects on key target sites  known to occur in 
phytoplankton.  Target sites for the proposed study include i) 
DNA photodamage, ii) Photosynthetic electron flow & iii) 
Photoprotective carotenoids & mycosporine-like amino acids. d) 
return with of 'time capsules' of microbial DNA that will be 
available for us & other researchers to examine  for possible 
genetic effects of UV radiation on Antarctic  marine microbial 
communities. 

Ice coverage has been highly variable since field exercises began 
August 17th, thus enabling us to conduct studies in frazil ice, 
water column and benthic communities of phytoplankton. Water 
column sampling has continued and an average of 4 depth profiles 
per week and multiple surface samples have been collected. A 
total of 47 experimental events have been logged. Coinciding with 
each productivity, DNA, absorbance, and PAM measurement and field 
sample, samples have been analyzed for their algal pigment 
content using HPLC.  Presently 17 pigments are being resolved. 
Development of and calibration of a new HPLC method (Wright et 
al. 1991) was also completed during this period to increase the 
resolution of pigments and to decrease waste generated from the 
analysis.  In addition to pigment analyses, 220 samples have been 
collected for determination of macronutrients (SiO4, NO3, NH4, 
PO4), and CHN content. 

In collaboration with Dr. Strickland, we have collect natural 
assemblages of phytoplankton (and bacteria) in order to extract 
their DNA and assess them for DNA damage as a result of UV 
radiation.  'Time capsule' DNA has been stored for later 
analysis, allowing characterization of the organisms' DNA when 
future assays come on line, for the possible reconstruction of 
genetic baseline information.  Samples collected under variable 
UV intensities allow us to establish a dose response curve (how 
much damage as a result of how much UV radiation) on natural 
algal assemblages under ambient conditions.  There are no biases 
from culturing conditions of individual species as there are no 
biases due to unrealistic UV lamp outputs.  However, dose 
responses vary amongst different species so that the resulting 
DNA damage is variable as the algal assemblages change with 
species composition changes over a season.  In order to document 
the changes in DNA damage we have collected samples during the 
early season before the formation and during the establishment of 
the Ozone hole.  We will continue to monitor the changes in 
susceptability to DNA damage as the natural UV doses increase and 
the populations change by repeatedly sampling throughout the 
season.  In combination with hydrography an assessment can be 
made how much mixing of the cells in the water column dilutes the 
UV effect.  Cells incubated at the surface in comparison to cells 
freely mixing in the water column allow for an evaluation of how 
much damage cells receive when they are periodically exposed (as 
in a mixing sample) rather than continuously (as in incubators or 
bottles).   Bacterial samples have been collected in 
collaboration with Dr. DeLong who will probe the samples for 
Archae bacteria.  He has discovered that Archae bacteria that are 
normally found in extremely hot (hot springs) or anoxygenic 
environments appear to thrive in cold, oxygenated oceanic waters. 
This changes the view of the microbial community in the ocean and 
may have significant impact on the interpretation of the 
microbial activities (such as remineralization). 

In addition we have measured photosynthesis-irradiance curves 
(using Qpar-photosynthetrons) for freshly collected samples 
before and after outdoor incubation in the presence and absence 
of UV-B and UV-A radiation. Accompanying measurements of 
detrital-corrected absorption spectra (with the aid of an 
integrating sphere), and fluorescence decay kinetics (with the 
aid of a Pulse-Amplitude-Fluorimeter [PAM]) have been successful 
and a now a part of routine measurements to define the optical 
biology and photosensitivity of natural phytoplankton communities 
to UV radiation. We also completed several field measurement of 
biological weighting functions for UV-inhibition of primary 
production in Antarctic phytoplankton. 
 

04222751.764
PLM183.OCT