97Jan PD97-01: Annual cruise 11jan96-13feb97 Annual austral summer LTER time-series cruise carried out in several sections with repeated sampling of inshore stations, gridline 500, spatial transect line 550, gridline 600, pickets 3.7 and 10km, zodiacs, high density grid HD1 twice, gridlines 400, 300, spatial transect gridline 250, gridline 200, Marguerite Bay and Tickle Passage sampling, station visits to British Rothera and Ukranian Vernadski, as well as Inshore South/Darbel Bay and Crystal Sound, transect and North/Grandidier and Lemaire sampling. The LTER worked with an NSF funded educational program "Live from Antarctica" filming crew onboard and participated in a broadcast. Standard transects were run at LTER grid lines 600, 500, 400, 300, 200. Standard inshore stations 'North' and 'South' were occupied. Bird picket fence surveys were continued from last year with the systematic sampling strategy aimed at quickly determining in which direction the penguins forage. The bird foraging sampling included methods: picket-line (PL) sampling, the high density grid (HD1) run twice as well as the zodiac observations in conjunction with penguin beach counts at Torgerson and Humble Island. Inshore stations B to J were occupied three times throughout the cruise while B, E and J were occupied one additional time to provide a time-series of the inshore grid. [OLD Besides adding acoustics measurements to the last four 3.7km picket lines, an acoustics run was made along the 200km contour to the] The transects run (T440,T250 and Tinshore) were done using rapid alongtrack sampling designed to permit a spatial coherence analysis. Ice work was conducted at four southern locations along with two penguin diet studies. Sampling aimed at searching for the source of a Palmer Basin surface warm water intrusion was done on several occasions. An early visit to Hugo Automatic Weather Station (AWS) was made to repair the anenometer and to work on the water probe. Oceanographic sampling was done later near the Hugo sediment trap. A visit was made to the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Station at Rothera in order to share information. Several BAS members involved in their 10-year sampling program spent part of a day onboard the Duke observing LTER sampling procedures. On the return crossing to Punta Arenas, the 700 gridline was run using XBT sampling. Sampling was done aboard the R/V Polar Duke PD97-1. Robin Ross served as chief scientist. Standard transect sampling protocol included an average of 4 stations per day using 20km grid for BOPS with XBT between stations (10km grid). Station sampling included: BOPS, phytoplankton productivity, nutrients, and zooplankton including krill observations. There were six picket lines run including three 3.7km pickets lines, two 10km picket lines, and one multipicketline. The high density 10x20km grid from Jan95 and Jan96 was run twice in normal and reverse sequence. Zodiac bird observations were conducted six times. Sampling West Coast of Antarctic Peninsula including near Palmer and LTER grid. Palmer Stations B-J Grid lines 500, 600, 400, 300, 200 Grid line XBT only 700 High Density Grid: 20km Picket lines 3.7, 10, multi Inshore Stations: North; South Marguerite Bay sampling Tickle Passage, Darbel Bay, Grandidier ice work Spatial Transects 550, 250 and Alongshore Torgerson Island and Humble Island Bird Beach Counts Rothera and Vernadski Stations Open water West of the Antarctic Peninsula. Ice encountered at the southern part of Grandidier (grid inshore north), in the southern part of Crystal Sound (grid inshore south), and in Tickle Passage. Biomass was an order of magnitude lower than January 1996 in the northern grid with onshore (1mg/m3) to offshore (.5 mg/m3) gradient with the phytoplankton community dominated by Cryptomonads to Prymesiophytes. Biomass was less in the southern grid although there was a large phytoplankton bloom within Marguerite Bay showing presence of diatoms and phaeocystis. A central tenet of the PAL is that the annual advance & retreat of sea ice is a major physical determinant of spatial & temporal changes in the structure & function of the Antarctic marine ecosystem, from total annual primary production to breeding success in seabirds. Evaluation is ongoing of a number of testable hypotheses linking sea ice to 1)the timing & magnitude of seasonal primary production, 2)the dynamics of the microbial loop & particle sedimentation, 3)krill abundance, distribution, & recruitment, and 4)the breeding success & survival of apex predators. The LTER annual time series investigations are continued using the standard sampling in addition to high density penguin foraging patterns as well as several short focused experiments including spatial transects, ice sampling and bird studies. The PAL program includes spatial sampling during annual & seasonal cruises in portions of our regional grid in the Western Antarctic Peninsula region & temporal sampling from spring through fall (October to March) in the area adjacent to Palmer Station. The program is designed to sample at multiple spatial scales within one regional scale grid, permitting repeated sampling on both seasonal & annual time scales, thus addressing both short & longterm ecological phenomena, as well as providing a basis for specific mechanistic studies. Sampling is designed to (1) document interannual variability along and offshore (2) to investigate the linkage between the marine resources and the Adelie penguins nesting near Palmer Station when sampling is within the foraging range of the penguins during a time of peak food requirements for the chicks; and (3) to continue the seasonal sampling at the Palmer grid (nearshore stations) to document interannual variability and consistency in patterns seen throughout the growing season from November to March. This cruise specifically continued: 1) cardinal grid line sampling; 2) repeated near shore station sampling; 3) inshore grid station sampling; 4) picket line bird census at 3.7km, 10km, and multi; 5) high density foraging grid; 6) zodiac bird observations; the new sampling modes included: 7) PA to Palmer XBT sampling in co-operation with J.Sprintall project; 8) educational filming and broadcast in co-operation with LFA project; 9) Rothera visit co-ordinating with new BAS biological sampling program; 10) Hugo AWS repair and bird survey; 11) continuous transects to investigate spatial variance; 12) extention of 200 gridline into Marguerite Bay with 3 new stations; 13) ice studies; 14) penguin diet studies; 15) beach penguin counts; 16) Palmer Basin water mass source search; 17) Vernadski Station visit; 18) 700 grid line XBT sampling. old) targeted tows with opening,closing nets; old) acoustics run with picket line surveys; The summer cruises (Jan93,Jan94,Jan95,Jan96,Jan97) have had surveys of the 600,500,400,300,200 lines except Jan94 which did not include the 200 line. The standard measurements along these lines with stations at 20 km intervals included: optics, hydrography, microbial loop measurements, plant pigments, primary production & physiology, acoustic surveys & net tows for zooplankton, krill & fish (3 nets). The picket line bird censuses were continued from Jan95 and Jan96 to Jan97 to document the bird foraging range since earlier penguins were observed as far as 200km to sea. The acoustics measurements were added to the 3.7km pickets in order to tie together temporally bird observations and krill location. The high density grids were developed to focus on specific sampling areas. While a fixed approximately 70kmx70km near-Palmer grid was repeated twice in Jan93, a fixed 50kmx50km near-Palmer grid was run once in Jan94. High density grids based on the picket line bird foraging results were introduced in Jan95 and continued in Jan96 to focus on the 20km range off Torgersen Island. For Jan97 the 10kmx20km grid run twice, once in forward order and once in reverse order, with 2.5 km resolution for bird observation and acoustic biomass and with 5 km resolution for hydrographic sampling. Investigation of larval fish (1m net) hypothesized to be important for skuas takes place through sampling of north (N) inshore (Biscoe-Renaud/Lemaire/Grandidier) in Jan94,Jan95,Jan96,Jan97 and sampling of south (S) inshore (Biscoe-Levoisier/Crystal Sound) in Jan93,Jan94,Jan95,Jan96,Jan97. There have been sediment traps consistently off Hugo Island as was the case for this cruise. A third trap was moved from Hugo to Crystal Sound (Mar93/Dec93) and later moved to Paradise Bay. See individual data sets. Core measurements available two years after the cruise. Citation acknowledgement: "Data from the Palmer LTER data archive were supported by Office of Polar Programs, NSF (OPP-9011927)." antarctic, southern ocean, bio-optics, phytoplankton, krill, marginal ice zone ~lter/data/97jan/* Ross, R. and K.S. Baker, 1997. Palmer LTER: Annual January Cruise for 1997 (PD97-1). Antarctic Journal of the United States. National Science Foundation, Division of Polar Programs 24Apr97 Karen S. Baker Robin M. Ross

Study Form V1.3 for describing a collection of datafiles.