trawl2m aug93 30aug93-22sep93 Zooplankton and micronekton collected by 2-M metro trawl towed in the upper 120 m. The catch is used for: A. random samples (1) species composition and abundance for community composition and distribution (2) alternate scatterer abundances which is used to correct the acoustics biomass data taken at 120 kHz for scatterers other than antarctic krill (3) random sample of antarctic krill for length frequency and females with red thelycums (MF) which is subsequently preserved and the females analyzed for physiological maturity stage (Cuzin- Roudy and Amsler, 1991), and B. selected specimens (4) the source of antarctic krill for PHYCONA (physiological condition of adults) over the entire spatial scale of the cruise, which includes instanteous growth rate experiments on board chemical composition and condition factor of adult krill total length and wet weight relationships (see TL_WWT.info) there are multiple files/directories with information from the 2-M trawls (1) file: trwl_rec is a record of the trawl information and catch disposition for all trawls, including the 2-M trawl 31 variables: event #, tow #, date, time begin (GMT), day/night, tow duration (min), LTER grid location, begin latitude, begin longitude, tow direction (heading), ship speed in knots, water depth (m), cloud cover (%), wind speed (kts), wind direction, trawl size (1-M or 2-M Metro net), tow type (oblique to standard depth, targetted tow or oblique to shallower depth because the bottom depth is shallow), target depth, volume filtered (m^3), time-depth-recorder (TDR) depth indication, TDR tow time (min), ice cover in tenths (x/10), catch split yes or no, organisms removed yes or no; sample preserved yes or no, adult instantaneous growth experiment number, number of samples for individual adult chemistry, number of adults measured for length frequency, number of samples for larval chemistry, number of larvae for condition factor, and number of larvae for length frequency ¥ Organisms removed means different things depending whether or not there was a split of the catch. If there was no split, organisms may have been removed for other purposes (experiments or chemistry for example) so the preserved sample is not a totally random sample and therefore can only represent the community composition if the organisms removed are added back into the sample analysis. OR all rare organisms were removed before the split and preservation, for example, all silverfish larvae. OR salps were counted, a volume taken and only representative individuals preserved (the remainder thrown away). (2) file: trwl_catch is a record of the trawl catch for all trawls, including the 2M trawl 36 variables: event number, tow number,LTER grid transect, LTER grid station, volume filtered (m^3), total live catch volume (ml), live preserved volume (ml) all means all catch preserved, Euphausia superba >25 mm number, Euphausia superba >25 mm volume (ml), Euphausia superba larvae (F4-F6) present=25, Euphausia superba larvae (F4- F6) (ml) assume 0.01 ml/ind, Euphausia crystallorophias number, Euphausia crystallorophias volume (ml), Thysanoessa mm number: all were > 7mm so all classified as adult/juv and not larvae, Thysanoessa volume (ml) assume 0.05 ml/ind, salp number, salp volume (ml) assume 2.5 ml/ind large and 1 ml/ind small, Limacina number (present=10;lots=50), Limacina number (present=10;lots=50), Limacina volume (ml) assume 0.1 ml/ind, siphonophore number, siphonophore volume (ml), amphipod number, amphipod volume (ml) assume 0.2 ml/ind except T.gaudichaudii at 0.1 ml/ind, Euphausia triacantha number, Euphausia triacantha volume (ml) assume 0.2 ml/ind, Euphausia frigida number, Euphausia frigida volume (ml), Clione number, copepods present absent lots or no data, chaetognaths number, Pleuragramma antarcticum (silverfish) larvae number, Pleuragramma antarcticum (silverfish) adult number, other fish adults (ad) or larvae (lar) number, quality assurance/quality control for E. superba only, quality assurance/quality control for all but E. superba, quality assurance/quality control for split calculations, comments re euphausiid size (3) file: trwl2m_altscat this file contains the subset of information on the catch composition of presumed alternate scatterers collected by the 2M trawl (4) directory: length frequency and maturity stage data Information on individual krill is recorded in files named for the event and tow number when there are > 10 E. superba in a catch. ¥ Data from the random sample of 100 krill measured and inspected for red thelycums on board is in EV**T**.raw. Variables are source of individual (fresh, preserved sample, growth experiment), total length (mm) and MF (mature female with red thelycum). (1) volume filtered in file: trawl_rec For from flowmeter hung in center of net opening volume filtered (meters cubed) = Net area * ((flow meter final reading - flow meter initial reading) * (26873/999999))] For 7 of the 2-M net tows the volume filtered was calculated from the time fishing and the relationship between time fishing and volume derived from the aug93 2-M data set (n=22): 2M_TRWL volume filtered (m^3) = 89.7*time fishing + 2953.2, r^2=0.071. Most of the data are in a short time range so the line is flat. Volume calculated from this equation were for 7 tows: ¥ events 78, 133, 168, 196, no flowmeter readings were available; ¥ events 10, 28, 288, the volume filtered appeared to be an overestimate from an inspection of a graph of time fishing versus volume filtered. Small pieces of ice could impact the turning of the flow meter and either under estimate or over estimate volume filtered. (2) binned length data Since the length data is from a random sample, it can be used to generate length frequency histograms. The raw data for lengths is binned by 0.5 mm length increments, from 9.5 to 58.5 mm, and saved as EV***T**.LFHIST. The number of individuals in each length bin is the number with total lengths in the range of the bin id plus .49 mm, i.e., individuals measuring from 32.50 to 32.99 mm are in bin 32.50. (1) 2-M tows were done at stations along transect lines at 20 km intervals, with the transect lines 100 km apart, 600.* through 200.*, when the ice cover permitted (n=29) (2) length measurements and red thelycums are recorded only when > 10 individual E. superba are in the catch. If multiple tows are done at the same station, replicate length frequencies are not necessarily done if the catch looks about the same size. ***.raw and ***.LFHIST files are available for 9 grid locations, 7 from 2M tows, 2 from 1M tows where there were not enough krill from the 2M catch, but krill were definitely found at the station. (1) trawl specifications: ¥ the 2-M trawl is a Metro net, with a fixed frame 2-m on a side, and the bridle attachments in the middle of the side pieces of the frame; the mesh size for the net is 1000 um and the codend is 500 um. (2) protocol for deployment: ¥ a TDR is attached to the top of the frame, and a flow meter (General Oceanics) is attached to side of the frame so it hangs in the middle of the net opening; snap clips are used for easy removal ¥ the tow is a double oblique tow to a standard depth of 120 m, water depth permitting. Wire out (m) and wire angle, measured from the stern, plus a wire angle chart is used to target the fishing depth of the net. This depth is verified by the TDR and the relationship between targetted depth and actual depth has been used to develop an empirical wire angle chart for this particular net/ship combination. The TDR depth is verified periodically by attaching it to the Bio-Optical Profiling System and comparing the BOPS depth and the TDR depth. ¥ all information for the TRAWL RECORD for each tow is recorded on a data sheet; the TDR paper is taped to that sheet and the time and depth of the tow as measured by the TDR is recorded. (3) treatment of catch: The goal is (a) to characterize the total catch, i.e., numbers and volumes of each type of organism, and (b) to preserve, freeze, or use subsamples of our targetted species for several purposes. ¥ when the net comes on board the cod end is set gently into a large white tub (50 liters) filled one-third to one-half with cold seawater, then unclipped; if there are no krill the net is rinsed down with a hose, directly into the halibut tub; if there are krill, the air bubbles could affect their physiological condition so the cod end contents are poured gently into the tub, then the net is rinsed into the cod end and the contents poured into the tub ¥ the contents of the tub are categorized on board for composition and estimated numbers of macrozooplankton and micronekton, and samples measured, preserved and frozen as detailed in the following sections. TRAWL CATCH LOG contains the details of the catch processing and disposition of the catch (# and size of preserved jars and preservative (formalin or ethanol), # frozen and size of vial, # into IGR etc) plus a qualitative catch composition. ¥ total catch volume is determined with a graduated cylinder. (a) KRILL All krill are removed to a separate bucket/tub, either with a coarse mesh scoop or tweezers depending whether or not a growth experiment will be started. From the total catch of krill, the following samples are taken and data recorded: - krill TL/MF (sample preserved in 10% formalin) - if a growth experiment is to be conducted, 100 individuals are selected randomly and put in a separate bucket and placed in the aquarium room - individual or groups of krill identified, measured and frozen for chemical composition and condition factor; vial numbers and numbers of animals in vials recorded - total volume and numbers of krill calculated (b) FISH Some fish larvae are removed and immediately preserved in either 10% formalin or 95-100% ethanol in 20 ml scintillation or 7 ml glass vials. The larvae are counted and identified asap. Preserved samples (23 of 29 2M tows) were sorted for fish larvae from 21 Oct to 11 Nov 1993, and the fish larvae preserved separately in ethanol. All adult fish were immediately frozen in ziplock bags labeled inside and outside in -70 freezer. Pleuragramma antarcticum adults are frozen individually, after being measured for total and standard length and weighed on a spring scale. (c) OTHER TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES with estimates of numbers euphausiids to species, and whether adults or larvae pteropods: to genera (Limacina and Clione) amphipods: T. gaudichaudii and all others chaetognaths: large ones counted, small ones noted ctenophores: to phyla siphonphores: to group (d) presence noted copepods (e) all rare organisms, type specimens of salps, and either a subsample of common organisms or the entire sample are preserved together in 10% formalin; (f) from the preserved sample or subsample, the catch estimates will be refined following the above categories, i.e., identified and counted for the entire sample if rare or for a subsample if common. The volume of common organisms is measured in a graduated cylinder. From 21 Oct to 11 Nov 23 preserved samples were sorted for fish larvae, krill larvae and other. Length measurements (tip of rostrum to end or uropods) were done on krill larvae from 7 events (EV10, 12, 74, 277, 311, 329, and 379). (2) KRILL TL/MF (for Euphausia superba only) Total length is standard length 1, or the length from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the uropods excluding spines, measured with digital calipers. MF refers to the red thelycum on the female and indicates the females that have entered the reproductive cycle. A random sample of 100 individuals is measured/observed if that many are collected. If the 100 animals are of one size class, just these 100 krill are preserved for later analysis of physiological maturity stage. If the 100 animals are of two or more size classes, then an additional random sample of about 100 individuals (volume measured) is preserved along with the 100 measured individuals. The total volume preserved is recorded. Tows are done at standard stations along the cardinale lines, i.e., the onshore/offshore resolution is 20 km, and alongshore is 100 km. This is the same spatial resolution as for other biological and physical data. The standard depth for this tow was set to correspond to the deepest depth at which krill schools have been observed in this region. The primary objective for the 2-M trawl collections is to verify the alternate scatterers for the acoustics. Targeted tows are set for the depth of the acoustic trace. Observations and catch processing information, and disposition of catch are recorded on three forms for each event: trawl record, trawl catch log, and krill catch length frequency. The information on the trawl record and trawl catch log for each event is summarized in two files: trawl_rec and trawl_catch. Detailed data on E. superba is found in two files for each event, ***.raw and ***.LFHIST. During 93 aug no Euphausia crystallorophias or E. frigida were found at any station. Siphonophores were rare. Salps were present in low numbers in most areas. No larval or adult silverfish were collected. Fish larvae and adult numbers for all species were low. At two stations the length frequency comes from the 1M catch. In the first line of the ***.raw and ***.LFHIST files for these two stations is (1M) to indicate the origin of the catch. For all other stations the TL/MF data are for krill from the 2M Metro net catch. zooplankton community composition, length frequency and wet weight of Euphausia superba, physiological maturity stage ascii, comma separated variable The first line is the number of columns, a # sign, and identifying information for the event, each following line identifies each variable with units. Raw data follows. /home/data3/data/jan94/trwl2m/krill_lfhist/***.LFHIST /krill_raw/***.raw /trwl_altscat trwl_gen/trawl_rec /trawl_catch File names for each tow are identified with the event and tow number, then the data type: i.e. EV***T**.raw and EV***T**.LFHIST. There are 9 ***.raw and ***.LFHIST for aug93. Robin M. Ross, Langdon B. Quetin none Robin M. Ross, Langdon B. Quetin Langdon B. Quetin, TK Frazer, S Anderson, M Anghera, T Shaw, N Horne ¥ On board sample analysis by above. ¥ Austral spring 93 preserved sample sort and larval krill length frequency done at Palmer Station by LB Quetin, H Coe, C Johnson, and M Hearne. Langdon B. Quetin, Robin M. Ross, T Shaw, T Coe, H. Coe Robin M. Ross, T Coe Robin M. Ross 18 November 1994: TL/MF (all ***.raw and ***.LFHIST files for adults) 23 December 1994: trwl_rec, trwl_catch, trwl2m_altscat Keys used to identify species: ¥ Kellerman, A. (ed.). 1989. Identification key and catalogue of larval Antarctic fishes. BIOMASS Scientific SEries No. 10. ¥ Gon, O., and P.C. Heemstra (eds.). 1990. Fishes of the Southern Ocean. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, 462 pp. 12 pls. ¥ FAO Southern Ocean identification guides ¥ Makarov, R. Larval development of the antarctic euphausiids. BIOMASS Handbook No. 3. SCAR/SCOR/IABO/ACMRR, Group of specialists on living resources on the southern Oceans. ¥ Mauchline, J. Key for the identificaiton of antarctic euphausiids. BIOMASS Handbook No. 5. SCAR/SCOR/IABO/ACMRR, Group of specialists on living resources on the southern Oceans. Plots of length-frequency distributions are inspected for outliers, and unpredicted size animals in certain locations. Original records are checked to verify these outliers. Spread sheets for each tow are laid out to automatically calculate the split factor due to subsamples both pre-preservation and during sample analysis after preservation. Calculations are set up to arrive at the same number in two separate routes to check that all factors have been incorporated. Cathy M. Lascara of Old Dominion University, for Ph. D. thesis The catch logs as done on board were used for the catch log. Numbers, especially those > 5, are definitely estimates unless the qa/ac number is 1 or 2 meaning that the sample was counted live or preserved, and not just estimated.. For larval and adult fish all numbers are quantitative, i.e. qa/qc 1 or 2.

Datafile Form V1.2 for describing a data file.